Since my last post was somewhat inconclusive, I decided to do more research on the subject of Latin American residents in late-19th-century Spain, the majority of whom appear to have been returning Spanish emigrants and their families.
Those of the Northern rural spread were called "indianos" (also "amerikanuak" in Basque, i.e. "Americans") and were people who went to America as entrepreneurs and returned filthy rich. They characteristically decorated the front gardens of their mansions with two palm trees. I'm a bit perplex at the high density in Irun, which is rather an industrial town, but otherwise they fit in the desrciption.
It might be that most Other Country foreigners in Irun really were non-Latin American (Swiss, Dutch, Belgian, etc). In fact, its female ratio is 45%; low, but not extremely low. I didn't suppress it on the map because its 1887 population was only 9,260 (maybe I should have used a lower population threshold?).
Other towns in Gipuzkoa either have parity between males and females, or a female-skewed gender ratio, which makes me think their foreigners were more likely to have been Indianos: Hondarribia/Fuenterrabía, Oñati/Oñate, Errenteria/Rentería, Urretxu/Villarreal, Zumarraga
PS: Hondarribia is also a border town, although more rural than Irun, Errenteria is an industrial town since the mid 19th century and thus not likely to have many Indianos. The other villages are more likely to have got a significant Indiano input however (Zumarrage is industrial, like many of the Gipuzkoan inland towns, but of more recent development than your census).
Irun (and other Basque localities in your map, such as Baztan in Navarre) are just at the border with "France", i.e. the Northern Basque Country. People move across that artificial border all the time and that's not just now with the Schengen Area but historically. If you're just counting "foreigners" and not specifically Latin American ones, then that's going to skew your count a lot surely.
Also I think that many Indianos never lost the Spanish nationality, i.e. went overseas and came back within their lifetime. I don't know much of the details because that typically happened a century before I was born but the somewhat famous Basque zarzuela (lesser opera) "Maite" is about a man in love with that woman Maite (which also means "love" in Basque) who travels to America to make money with the idea of coming back and get married and tragically she dies before he returns, so he sings how he could never forget her even if became filthy rich. This is of course a somewhat idealized archetypal case and many maybe married in America or whatever but you will surely be undecounting many Indianos that way. Suspect municipalities could be those where foreigner women are above average I guess.
> then that's going to skew your count a lot surely.
Not a problem. French were not counted as Other Country, but separately (I mentioned this in the post).
Regarding the nationality of Spanish migrants to the Americas, yes. It's mentioned several times in Clara E. Lida's book that many kept their nationality despite living in Mexico for decades. Even more:
"pues la definición jurídica de nacionalidad y de extranjería fluctúa después de 1821 hasta la Constitución de 1857. Durante estas tres décadas y media la legislación permitió a los españoles que residían en México desde antes de 1821 acogerse a una u otra nacionalidad, lo cual en la práctica significó que así se hizo según los vaivenes políticos, la conveniencia ocasional y los intereses de cada uno."
You are right that counting those who have Latin American nationality clearly undercounts the total of Indianos, but despite this limitation it gives us useful information (how different provinces compare to each other, how dispersed was the population, what gender ratio hey had). As I mentioned in the previous post, many were likely the wives and children of Indianos (children born in Mexico acquiered Mexican nationality).
PS: I looked up Maite in Youtube but could only find the chorus (it's beautiful). I'll try to find the whole zarzuela later.
Those of the Northern rural spread were called "indianos" (also "amerikanuak" in Basque, i.e. "Americans") and were people who went to America as entrepreneurs and returned filthy rich. They characteristically decorated the front gardens of their mansions with two palm trees. I'm a bit perplex at the high density in Irun, which is rather an industrial town, but otherwise they fit in the desrciption.
It might be that most Other Country foreigners in Irun really were non-Latin American (Swiss, Dutch, Belgian, etc). In fact, its female ratio is 45%; low, but not extremely low. I didn't suppress it on the map because its 1887 population was only 9,260 (maybe I should have used a lower population threshold?).
Other towns in Gipuzkoa either have parity between males and females, or a female-skewed gender ratio, which makes me think their foreigners were more likely to have been Indianos: Hondarribia/Fuenterrabía, Oñati/Oñate, Errenteria/Rentería, Urretxu/Villarreal, Zumarraga
PS: Hondarribia is also a border town, although more rural than Irun, Errenteria is an industrial town since the mid 19th century and thus not likely to have many Indianos. The other villages are more likely to have got a significant Indiano input however (Zumarrage is industrial, like many of the Gipuzkoan inland towns, but of more recent development than your census).
Irun (and other Basque localities in your map, such as Baztan in Navarre) are just at the border with "France", i.e. the Northern Basque Country. People move across that artificial border all the time and that's not just now with the Schengen Area but historically. If you're just counting "foreigners" and not specifically Latin American ones, then that's going to skew your count a lot surely.
Also I think that many Indianos never lost the Spanish nationality, i.e. went overseas and came back within their lifetime. I don't know much of the details because that typically happened a century before I was born but the somewhat famous Basque zarzuela (lesser opera) "Maite" is about a man in love with that woman Maite (which also means "love" in Basque) who travels to America to make money with the idea of coming back and get married and tragically she dies before he returns, so he sings how he could never forget her even if became filthy rich. This is of course a somewhat idealized archetypal case and many maybe married in America or whatever but you will surely be undecounting many Indianos that way. Suspect municipalities could be those where foreigner women are above average I guess.
> then that's going to skew your count a lot surely.
Not a problem. French were not counted as Other Country, but separately (I mentioned this in the post).
Regarding the nationality of Spanish migrants to the Americas, yes. It's mentioned several times in Clara E. Lida's book that many kept their nationality despite living in Mexico for decades. Even more:
"pues la definición jurídica de nacionalidad y de extranjería fluctúa después de 1821 hasta la Constitución de 1857. Durante estas tres décadas y media la legislación permitió a los españoles que residían en México desde antes de 1821 acogerse a una u otra nacionalidad, lo cual en la práctica significó que así se hizo según los vaivenes políticos, la conveniencia ocasional y los intereses de cada uno."
You are right that counting those who have Latin American nationality clearly undercounts the total of Indianos, but despite this limitation it gives us useful information (how different provinces compare to each other, how dispersed was the population, what gender ratio hey had). As I mentioned in the previous post, many were likely the wives and children of Indianos (children born in Mexico acquiered Mexican nationality).
PS: I looked up Maite in Youtube but could only find the chorus (it's beautiful). I'll try to find the whole zarzuela later.